LocTagalog (enclitic host in bold)EnglishNotes2Sino + subject?Who is the subject?Subject takes ang form.2Predicate + subject.Subject is the predicate.Subject and predicate take ang form.3Ano + subject? What is subject? Subject takes ang form.3Predicate + subject. Subject is predicate. Subject takes ang form.3Ano + subject + linker + dp? What is dp subject?Subject & dp take ang form. 3Predicate + subject + linker + dp.Dp predicate is subject.Subject & dp take ang form. 4Adj + Subject.Subject is adj. Subject takes ang form.4adj + linker + noun adj noun none4mga + adj + linker + noun adj nouns none4adj1 at adj2 adj1 and adj2 none4adj1 + linker + adj2 + linker + noun adj1, adj2 nounnone5mga + adj + linker + nounadj nouns none5adj(dup1) + linker + noun adj nouns none5mga + adj(dup1) + linker + noun adj nounsnone5maraming + noun many nouns none6possession + possessor possessor’s possessionPossessor takes ng form.6pp + linker + possession possessor’s possessionPp takes sa form without the sa. 6noun1 + noun2 + noun3 +... chain of possessive phrasesNoun2 and on take ng form. 6adj + pp + linker + possession possessor adj possessionPp takes ng form.7Predicate + ba + subject? Is subject predicate?Subject takes ang form.7Oo, predicate + subject. Yes, subject is predicate.Subject takes ang form.7Hindi + sentence. Negated sentence. none7Predicate + po + ba + subject?Is subject predicate?Subject takes ang form.7(one-syllable pp’s) + (enclitic particles) + (two-syllable pp’s) enclitic cluster Po always comes before ba. The hosts are BOLD in the Structure Equations.8May + object + possessor/location. Possessor has object/There is object in location. Possessor takes ang form, location takes sa form.8Meron + linker + object + possessor/location. Possessor has object/There is object in location. Possessor takes ang form, location takes sa form.8Wala + linker + object + possessor/location. Possessor does not have object/There is no object in location. Possessor takes ang form, location takes sa form.8ang + may/walang + nounthe one who/that has/does not have none9Ilang + taon + na + subject? How old is subject?Subject takes ang form.9Number + taon + na + subject. Subject is number years old now.Subject takes ang form.10Anong oras na? What time is it? none10Hr + na.Hr o’clock./It is hr o’clock./It is hour o’clock already. “Hr” stands for “hour of day” from this point on. For example, alas-singko in Tagalog or “five” in English. See Appendix N for all abbreviations used in Structure Equations. 10mga + hr about hr o’clock The word mga can be a plural indicator, or it can mean “approximately”, depending on the context, but it is always pronounced mangá as mentioned in the pronunciation lesson.10Day + nang + hr. Day at hr o’clock. none10hr + X (min.) + at + Y + segundo X min and Y sec past hr o’clock none10hr + y medya half past hr none11time + ng + period time in the period none11Anong petsa na? What date is it?none11Ordinal number + ng + Month.Ordinal number of Month. none11Unang araw ng + Month. 1st (day) of Month.none11Huling araw ng + Month. Last day of Month.none11Date + taong + year.Date, year. Taong is just taon + linker.11Day + ang + date + taong + year + time. Time, day the date, year. none12Mahilig + experiencer + indefinite object. Experiencer likes indefinite object. The experiencer is the one who likes, and takes ang form. The indefinite object is the thing that is liked, and takes sa form. 12Gusto + experiencer + indefinite object. Experiencer wants indefinite object. The experiencer is the one who wants, and takes ng form. The indefinite object is the thing that is wanted and takes ng form.12Gusto + experiencer + definite object.Experiencer likes/wants definite object. The experiencer is the one who likes/wants, and takes ng form. The definite object takes ang form.13Ayaw + experiencer + indefinite object. Experiencer dislikes something indefinite. The experiencer is the one who dislikes, and takes ng form. The indefinite object is the thing that is disliked and takes sa form. 13Ayaw + experiencer + indefinite object. Experiencer does not want something indefinite. The experiencer is the one who does not want, and takes ng form. The indefinite object is the thing that is not wanted and takes ng form.13Ayaw + experiencer + definite object. Experiencer dislikes/does not want definite object. The experiencer is the one who dislikes/does not want, and takes ng form. The definite object takes sa form. 14Verb + Actor + Object + X + location + timeStandard SentneceLocation takes sa form. 14Verb + Actor + Object + IOStandard Sentence(AF(DO)) Actor takes ang form, object takes ng form, IO takes sa form. 14Verb + Actor + Object Standard Sentence(AF(O)) Actor takes ang form, object takes ng form 15Verb + Actor + causeStandard Sentence(AF(I))Actor takes ang form, cause takes sa form. 15Verb + Actor + dcStandard Sentence((AF(D)) Actor takes ang form, object takes ng form, dc takes sa form. 15verb... papunta sa destination verb to destinationUsed only when the verb does not have punta as its root.16Adj (+ linker) + Verb + object + X It is adj to verbThe verb takes infinitive. Use the linker if it -ng type, but omit it if it is na.18Positive statement, di ba? Positive statement, right?none18Negative statement, no? Negative statement, right? none19Verb + Actor + Object Standard Sentence(OF(O)) Actor takes ng form, object takes ang form. For imperative, verb takes infinitive, actor is either mo, ninyo or natin. 19(one-syllable pps) + (enclitic particles) + (ng form two-syllable pps or kita) + (ang form two-syllable pps) enclitic cluster none20Verb + Actor + Object + IO Standard Sentence(DF(DO)) Actor takes ng form, object takes ng form and IO takes ang form. For imperative, verb takes infinitive, actor is either mo, ninyo or natin. 20Verb + Actor + dc Standard Sentence(DF(D)) Actor takes ng form and dc takes ang form. For imperative, verb takes infinitive, actor is either mo, ninyo or natin.21Standard Sentence + para + noun. Standard Sentence for noun. Noun takes sa form. These are two phrase sentences; the hosts are the verb in the standard sentence, and the noun after para.25Sino + ang + Noun Clause? Who is sentence?The host sino is for enclitic particles only. If there are pps in the noun clause, the verb is their host. 25Focus + ang + Noun Clause.Focus is sentence.The focus takes ang form and is the host for enclitic particles only. If there are pps in the noun clause, the verb is their host. 26Ano + ang + Noun Clause? What is sentence?The host ano is for enclitic particles only. If there are pps in the noun clause, the verb is their host. 26Focus + ang + Noun Clause. Focus is sentence.The focus takes ang form and is the host for enclitic particles only. If there are pps in the noun clause, the verb is their host. 26Focus + Linker + Noun Clause Focus Noun Clause “Focus” here is the item in focus.29Nasaan + noun. Where is noun? Noun takes ang form.29Na + location + noun. Noun is at location. Location takes sa form, noun takes ang form.29Wala + location + noun. Noun is not at location. Location takes sa form, noun takes ang form.29Tagasaan + person? Where is person from? Person takes ang form.29Taga-location + person. Person is from location. Person takes ang form.29Hindi + taga-location + person. Person is not from location.Person takes ang form.30Saan + Standard Sentence. Where Standard Sentence?none30Standard Sentence + location. Standard Sentence at location. Location takes sa form.30Hindi + Standard Sentence + location. Negated Standard Sentence at location. Location takes sa form.33Verb1 + linker + Infinitive2 + actor + object + X Verb1 + Infinitive2 Sentencenone34Kailan + Phrase? When Phrase?none34Phrase + nung + phrase. Phrase during period. Nung is just nun + linker. For past actions.34Phrase + kapag + phrase. Phrase when phrase.For non-past actions.34Phrase + kung + phrase. Phrase if phrase. For non-past actions.34Phrase + kung + question word + phrase. Phrase question word phrase. none37sa compound preposition + nounpreposition noun Noun takes ng form.37Noun Phrase + Linker + Adjective Phrase Noun Phrase that/who Adjective Phrasenone38Ay Sentence. Focus + ay + (sentence without focus).Remember focus always takes ang form. 39Non-AF Ng Pseudo verb Sentence Ng pseudo-verb (+ linker) + Non-AF SS. The verb takes infinitive. The linker goes before the verb. Use the linker if it is -ng type, but omit it if it is na.39AF Ng Pseudo-verb Sentence Ng pseudo-verb + actor (+ linker) + AF SS without actor. Actor takes ng form, verb takes infinitive. The linker goes before the verb. Use the linker if it -ng type, but omit it if it is na.40Plain pseudo verb Sentence. Plain pseudo-verb (+ linker) + SS. Verb takes infinitive. The linker goes before the verb. Use the linker if it is -ng type, but omit it if it is na.42Nang Manner Adverb Nang + Adj none43Ang/ng/sa + verb/adj/etc.General Noun Phrase none43Sinabi + Speaker + Linker + PhraseSpeaker said that phrase.Speaker takes ng form.43Sabi + Speaker, Phrase. Speaker said phrase.Speaker takes ng form.45Item1 + para + item2. Item1 in order to item2.If item2 starts with a verb, the verb takes infinitive.46alin + linker + noun which noun none46Alin + ang + noun? Which is noun? Noun takes ang form.46alin + plural noun which of the plural nounNoun takes sa form.47plural personal pronoun + YX and Y X and Y are both people and one is a personal pronoun. Y takes ng form. If the plural personal pronoun is ang or ng form, the entire phrase is enclitic.47sarili + linker + possession + possessor possessor’s own possessionPossessor takes ng form. 48Naka/nakapag + root + ka + na + ba? Have you ever verbed?none50maging/naging/nagiging/magiging + noun/adj + noun2noun2 becomes noun/adj Noun2 takes ang form.52Kasing + adj root + noun1+ noun2. Noun 1 is as adjective as noun2. Noun1 takes ng form; noun2 takes ang form.52ganito/ganun + (ka + adj root)this/that adjective none53Mas + phrase1 + kaysa + phrase2. Phrase1 is more than phrase2.Phrase1 starts with an adjective or pseudo verb. Phrase2 takes sa form. 53Sobrang + adj root + linker + noun + name. Name is a very adj noun.Name takes ng form. 53pv + linker + pv very pv If the linker ends in g, join the pseudo verbs with a dash.54Root + Ng phrase Verb + Ng phrasenone54Ang + Root + Ng form phrase Sobrang + Adj + Ang form phrasenone56sinong + person which person none56sino + person who is person Person takes ang form.56sino + people which of the people People takes sa form.56Sino + ang + phrase? Who phrase? none56kanino + linker + phrase whose phrase none57Paano + phrase? How phrase? none57gaano + (ka + adj root) how adjective none57kumusta + noun phrase how is/are noun phrasenone57Bakit + phrase? Why phrase? none58Verb + actor + object (+ A2) + XMagpa Sentence The Magpa Sentence is just an AF Standard Sentence with an optional A2. The actor takes ang form, the object takes ng form and X takes sa form. The A2 takes sa form with some exceptions. 58Verb + actor + A2 + object + XPa...in Sentence The actor takes ng form, the A2 takes ang form, the object takes ng form and X takes sa form. 59gerund + noun phrase gerund noun phraseIndefinite noun phrases take ng form. Definite noun phrases (possessive clause, personal pronoun, demonstrative pronoun or proper noun) take sa form.60pagka + root + nounafter noun verbed These are adverbs of time; noun takes ng form.60Tapos + na + linker + clause. Actor is finished clausing.The verb takes infinitive form.60Tapos + na + name/pp + noun phrase. Name/pp is finished phrasing. To focus on the actor, name/pp takes ang form, and noun phrase takes sa form. To focus on the noun phrase, name/pp takes ng form, and noun phrase takes ang form.60pagkatapos + linker + verb after verbing Verb takes infinitive form, actor takes ng form. Use the linker if it is -ng type, but omit it if it is na.60pagkatapos + event after the event Event takes ng form.61bago + noun before (the) noun Noun takes ang form.61bago + clause before clause none61Phrase + dati Phrase previously noneTable 12: All Structure Equations in this Book