Vocabulary
subukan
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to try something (OF(O), root = subok)
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hayaan
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to allow something; to let something be (OF(O), root = haya)
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buksán
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to open something; turn something on (OF(O), root = bukas)
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simulán
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to begin something (OF(O), root = simula)
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abangán
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to watch out for something (OF(O), root = abang)
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*lagyán
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to put something on something (root = lagay)
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*puntahán
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to go somewhere (root = punta)
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*Lagyan and puntahan are DF verbs and are included in this lesson for demonstration only.
Using subukan as an example, when you encounter OF verbs it is recommended that you memorize:
subukan = to try something
Because that “something” is a reminder that there is an object. Or you could memorize:
subukan = to try, OF
Or even more if you want:
subukan = to try something, OF(O), root = subok
Because if you only memorize “to try”, you may not remember that it is OF.
Grammar
In this lesson, we introduce -an verbs, another member of the Big Six. They can be AF, OF or DF, but AF -an verbs are pretty rare, so we will not cover them. Please memorize the ng form demonstrative pronouns in Appendix A. You may want to review Appendix G at this point if you need a refresher on focus. Other than discussing infinitive and aspect, which apply to all -an verbs, this lesson will cover OF -an verbs. Next lesson will cover DF -an verbs.
Traits of OF -an verbs
• All OF -an verbs are OF(O) (object focus single object). OF means attention is drawn to the object and it takes ang form.
Infinitive*
All -an verbs end with -an. Unfortunately, deriving the infinitive from the root is not usually as easy as adding -an to it. That is why I recommend memorizing the infinitive and generic root. These are sufficient to derive all the aspects.
*Extra – Deriving the Infinitive
Alternatively, you could memorize rules like "if the root ends in a consonant or glottal stop, you add -an, otherwise add -han" and "when you add a suffix to a root that has an o in the final syllable, the o usually morphs to a u". These work sometimes:
Ex: subók => subukan (-an is added since subok ends in a consonant, and the o morphs into a u since the final syllable of subok contains an o)
Ex: hayà => hayaan (-an is added since hayá ends in a glottal stop)
Ex: abáng => abangán (-an is added since abang ends in a consonant)
Ex: puntá => puntahán (-han is added since punta ends in a vowel without a glottal stop)
But notice that these verbs do not follow those rules:
Ex: bukás => buksán (a is shifted after the s and n is added)
Ex: simulâ => simulán (n is added)
Ex: lagáy => lagyán (a is shifted after the y and n is added)
In addition, the rules do not predict stress, even of the verbs that “work”. You can probably see now why I recommend that you memorize, rather than derive, the infinitive.
Completed Aspect
Add in before the first vowel of the infinitive (see mag- verbs for stress patterns).
Ex: subukan
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=> sinubukan
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Ex: buksán
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=> binuksán
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Exception - If the root begins with l, r, w or y, it is more common to put ni in front of the root in the infinitive:
Ex: lagyán
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=> nilagyán
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Uncompleted Aspect
From the infinitive, repeat the first syllable then insert in before the first vowel (see mag- verbs for stress patterns).
Ex: subukan
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=> sinúsubukan
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Ex: buksán
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=> binúbuksán
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Ex: lagyán
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=> nilálagyán
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Contemplated Aspect
Add the first syllable of the root to the infinitive (see mag- verbs for stress patterns).
Ex: su + subukan
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=> súsubukan
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Ex: bu + buksán
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=> búbuksán
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Ex: la + lagyán
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=> lálagyán
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Standard Sentence
If you recall:
Standard Sentence(O) = Verb + Actor + Object
We can tailor that to OF verbs:
Standard Sentence(OF(O)) = Verb + Actor + Object
Notes: Actor takes ng form, object takes ang form. For imperative, verb takes infinitive, actor is either mo, ninyo or natin.
Ex: Subukan mo ito.
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= Try this.
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Ex: Binubuksan niya ang ikalawang pinto.
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= He is opening the second door.
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Ex: Inabangan ni Maria si Jason sa Kalsada.
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= Maria watched out for Jason in the street.
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Notice that the object is in italics now, since it is the focus.
Change of Word Order due to Enclitics
The verb in the standard sentence structure equation is bold, meaning it is the host for enclitics. It turns out that ng personal pronouns (pps), or kita, come before ang pps in the enclitic cluster, so let’s update the definition:
enclitic cluster = (one-syllable pps) + (enclitic particles) + (ng form two-syllable pps or kita) + (ang form two-syllable pps)
As long as you stick to the standard order (verb, actor, object), ng pps coming before ang pps will not affect word order.
Ex: Inabangan ni Mark si Jessica.
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= Mark kept an eye out for Jessica.
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Switching to pps:
Ex: Inabangan niya siya.
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= He kept an eye out for her.
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But if you use the order (verb, object, actor)
Ex: Inabangan si Jessica ni Mark.
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= Mark kept an eye out for Jessica.
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Switching to pps, you would need to put the actor before the object because niya must come before siya:
Ex: Inabangan niya siya.
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= He kept an eye out for her.
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So please stick to the standard order. The other thing to remember is that if you just turn si Jessica into siya, siya needs to go after the verb, which is the host.
Ex: Inabangan siya ni Mark.
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= Mark kept an eye out for her.
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This type of word order change does not happen in AF standard sentences, because AF objects cannot be pps, per Appendix H.
Sample sentences
Q1
Let it go already.
Hayaan mo na ito.
Q2
I tried the cheap shoes, didn't I?
Sinubukan ko ang murang sapatos, di ba?
Q3
We turn on the eight lights on Saturdays.
Binubuksan namin ang walong ilaw tuwing Sabado.
Q4
Joshua will start the day.
Sisimulan ni Joshua ang araw.
Q5
Do you (pl.) have (meron) money? Try the bicycle.
Meron ba kayong pera? Subukan ninyo ang bisikleta.
Q6
Jasmine looked out for him at 6am.
Inabangan siya ni Jasmine kahapon nang alas-sais ng umaga.
Q7
She does not allow that, right?
Hindi niya hinahayaan yun, no?
Q8
It will open the school's door!
Bubuksan nito ang pinto ng eskwelahan!
Q9
Let's start it now.
Simulan natin ito ngayon.
Q10
I look out for you at the table every day.
Inaabangan kita sa lamesa araw-araw.
Drills - Lesson 19