Vocabulary
o
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or
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pero
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but
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kayâ
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therefore (conjunction/enclitic particle)
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kasí
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because (conjunction/enclitic particle)
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para
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in order to (conjunction); for (preposition)
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*at
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and
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*nun
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when, while, during (past actions)
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*kapág
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when, while, during (non-past actions)
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*kung
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if, when, while, during (non-past actions)
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**upang
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in order to
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*You have used these as conjunctions already.
**This word will not be used in the sample sentences.
Grammar
Conjunctions are words that join words, phrases, clauses or sentences. There are many, and I have included nine of the most common ones above. Because you have already been using at, nun, kapag and kung already, we will not discuss them anymore in this lesson.
O, Pero, Kaya, Kasi
These are all used in the same way; you just put them between the items to join. One note about kasi – we are using it to mean “because” rather than the conjunctive adverb dahil sa in this book.
Ex: Ibigay mo ang pera sa akin o kunin mo ang pagkain.
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= Give the money to me or get the food.
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Ex: Gusto kitang ibili ng mangga, pero hindi puwede.
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= I want to buy you a mango, but cannot.
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Ex: Nasa kalsada ako, kaya nakikita ko ang ulan.
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= I am in the street, so I can see the rain.
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Ex: Pagod siya kasi naglaro sila ng basketbol.
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= He is tired because they played basketball.
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Para (as a conjunction)
You have been using para as a preposition:
Ex: Nag-aral ako sa eskuwelahan para sa guro ko.
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= I studied in school for my teacher.
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In this lesson, we will use it as a conjunction that means “in order to” or just “to”. If you recall, the verb + infinitive structure works for certain verbs:
Ex: Sinubukang kunin ng bata ang pera.
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= The kid tried to take the money.
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For all other verbs, para is used. It is a little different from the conjunctions mentioned previously because when it is followed by a verb, the verb takes the infinitive.
Item1 + para + item2. = Item1 in order to item2.
Note: If item2 starts with a verb, the verb takes infinitive.
Ex: Nagluto ako ng manok para kumain sa kuwarto ko.
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= I cooked chicken to eat in my room.
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Ex: Makukuha ni Joe ang basketbol para maglaro bukas.
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= Joe will be able to get the basketball to play tomorrow.
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Ex: Inilalagay ko ang tsokolate sa lamesa para maalala ito.
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= I am putting the chocolate on the table to remember it.
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Alternatively, upang can be substituted for para:
Ex: Nagluto ako ng manok upang kumain sa kuwarto ko.
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= I cooked chicken to eat in my room.
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But upang is a less common, so we will not use it anymore in this book.
Sample sentences
Q1
Did she say Angel found out, or do you not know?
Sabi ba niya, nalaman ni Angel, o hindi mo alam?
Q2
I think you will like Seattle, but not the rain there.
Sa tingin ko, magugustuhan mo ang Seattle, pero hindi ang ulan dun.
Q3
He was having a hard time planting trees, so he left.
Nahirapan siyang magtanim ng mga puno, kaya umalis siya.
Q4
Joe will be able to go to the Philippines, because he studied Tagalog.
Mapupuntahan ni Joe ang Pilipinas kasi nag-aral siya ng Tagalog.
Q5
Did you (pl.) bike to Cebu to experience the halo-halo?
Nagbisikleta ba kayo sa Cebu para maranasan ninyo ang halo-halo?
Q6
Do we (incl.) need to walk above or beside it?
Kailangan ba nating maglakad sa ibabaw o sa tabi nito?
Q7
You can worry about it, but don’t.
Pwede kang mag-alala tungkol dito, pero huwag.
Q8
I do not know where she is, so I am looking for her.
Hindi ko alam kung nasaan siya, kaya hinahanap ko siya.
Q9
Maybe David is tired because he really played a lot.
Baka pagod si David kasi naglaro siya talaga nang marami.
Q10
She cooks every Wednesday to eat at our (incl.) place.
Nagluluto siya tuwing Miyerkules para kumain sa atin.
Drills - Lesson 45