Vocabulary
pag-usapan
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to have a discussion about something (RFF)
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pag-aralan
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to study something (OF(O))
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pagtawanán
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to laugh at/mock something/someone (DF(D))
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paglutuan
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to cook something somewhere (LF)
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pagsandukán
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to scoop something to give to something/someone (DF(DO))
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kawalì
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pan
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*mag-usap
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to discuss (AF(O))
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**lutuan
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to cook something to give to someone (DF(DO))
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**ipagluto
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to cook something for someone (BF)
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**isandok
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to scoop something for something/someone (BF)
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*Used for demonstration only.
**Used for demonstration only. Pagsandukan and lutuan have “to give to” in their definitions because they are DF. We use “for” in the examples and sample sentences just to keep them simple, even though they are not BF. The BF verbs are actually isandok and ipagluto, which we will not cover.
Grammar
Pag-...-an verbs are second tier verbs that I included because some can be used to form RFF and LF sentences – two focuses that you have not encountered up to this point.
Traits of Pag-...-an Verbs
Used to form DF(D), DF(DO), LF, OF(O) or RFF sentences. LF and RFF have no symbols in parentheses after them because they can go with any variant.
Infinitive
Add pag before the root, like you did for mag- verbs. As with mag- verbs, insert the “–” if the root starts with a vowel. Add an after the root, like you did for -an verbs. Sometimes there is morphing, but all aspects are derived from the infinitive, so memorizing the infinitive is enough.
Ex: usap => pag-usapan
Ex: aral => pag-aralan
Ex: luto => paglutuan
Ex: tawa => pagtawanán
Ex: sandok => pagsandukán
Completed Aspect
Take the infinitive and change the pag into pinag. The rules for stress, for all aspects, are the same as for mag- verbs.
Ex: pag-usapan
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=> pinag-usapan
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Ex: pag-aralan
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=> pinag-aralan
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Ex: paglutuan
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=> pinaglutuan
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Ex: pagtawanán
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=> pinagtawanán
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Ex: pagsandukán
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=> pinagsandukán
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Uncompleted Aspect
Take the infinitive, change the pag into pinag and repeat the first syllable of the root.
Ex: pag-usapan
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=> pinag-úusapan
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Ex: pag-aralan
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=> pinag-áaralan
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Ex: paglutuan
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=> pinaglúlutuan
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Ex: pagtawanán
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=> pinagtátawanán
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Ex: pagsandukán
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=> pinagsásandukán
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Contemplated Aspect
Take the infinitive and duplicate the first syllable of the root.
Ex: pag-usapan
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=> pag-úusapan
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Ex: pag-aralan
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=> pag-áaralan
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Ex: paglutuan
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=> paglúlutuan
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Ex: pagtawanán
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=> pagtátawanán
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Ex: pagsandukán
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=> pagsásandukán
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Referential Focus (RFF)
RFF verbs all have something to do with communication, and add the nuance of “about” something. They correspond to mag- verbs, and take the same complements. But the mag- verbs have to use tungkol sa to express the “about” nuance.
Ex: pag-usapan = to have a discussion about something, RFF
Ex: Pinag-usapan namin ang pera.
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= We (excl.) discussed the money.
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Ex: mag-usap = to discus, AF(O)
Ex: Nag-usap kami tungkol sa pera.
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= We (excl.) discussed money.
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An RFF verb takes the same complements as its corresponding mag- verb. Referential Focus is pretty rare; it is only formed with a few pag-...-an verbs, and no other affixes.
Locative Focus (LF)
LF verbs focus on the location in which an action occurs. They correspond to -um- or mag- verbs, and take the same complements. They have similarities to, and are sometimes confused with DF verbs. But unlike LF verbs, DF verbs may focus on a direction/destination/goal of an action. To show the grammatical difference, here is a comparison of double-object (DO) sentences in both focuses.
Ex: lutuan = to cook something to give to someone (DF)
Ex: Nilutuan niya sila ng adobo sa kawali.
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= She cooked adobo for them in the pan. (DF)
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Ex: paglutuan = to cook something somewhere (LF)
Ex: Pinaglutuan niya ng adobo ang kawali para sa kanila.
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= She cooked adobo for them in the pan. (LF)
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An LF verb takes the same complements as its corresponding mag- verb. Locative Focus is also quite rare; it is only formed with three different affixes, of which pag-...-an verbs are the most common.
Sample sentences
Q1
They are both hard to talk about.
Pareho silang mahirap pag-usapan.
Q2
Joshua will study the funnest one around five o'clock.
Pag-aaralan ni Joshua ang pinakanakakatuwa nang mga alas singko.
Q3
Do not laugh at yourself like that.
Huwag mong pagtawanan ang sarili mo nang ganun.
Q4
Will Jasmine cook adobo for them in the pan, like their mother?
Paglulutuan ba ni Jasmine ng manok ang kawali para sa kanila, parang nanay nila?
Q5
Scoop some adobo for the one living at Analyn's place. (resp.)
Pagsandukan po ninyo ng adobo ang nakatira sa lugar ni Analyn.
Q6
We discussed the man who has the very fast car.
Pinag-usapan namin ang lalaking may sobrang bilis na sasakyan.
Q7
The ones you are studying are just as difficult as this, right?
Kasing hirap nito ang mga pinag-aaralan mo, di ba?
Q8
David likes to mock Maria more than Angel.
Mas gusto ni David na pagtawanan si Maria kaysa kay Angel.
Q9
He cooked chicken in the pan like this.
Pinaglutuan niya ng manok ang kawali nang ganito.
Q10
Joe will have a dog, so I scooped him some water. (magka-)
Magkakaaso si Joe, kaya pinagsandukan ko siya ng tubig.
Drills - Lesson 55