Before attempting this lesson, please read Appendix H.
Vocabulary
na
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already
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pa
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yet, still
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nga
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please particle
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din/rin
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also
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naman
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please particle
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daw/raw
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it is said
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po
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sir/madam
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ho
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sir/madam
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ba
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question particle
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Note – you are already familiar with some of these particles; I listed them all together here so that you could memorize the order that they appear.
Grammar
As you know from Appendix H, the enclitic cluster follows the enclitic magnate of the clause it belongs to. In this lesson we’ll practice using enclitics after discussing two points.
Sino ang verb
We have seen sino questions like this
Ex: Sino ang guro?
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= Who is the teacher?
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The word order is <sino, ang, noun>. Fortunately, this also works for verbs.
Ex: Sino ang nagbasa?
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= Who is the one that read?
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The word order is <sino, ang, verb>. Note that ang nagbasa means the one that read. Building on this,
Ex: Sino ang nagbasa ng libro?
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= Who is the one that read the book? = Who read the book?
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In the example, the term ang nagbasa ng libro is a noun clause so it can be used anywhere a noun can, like in this reply
Ans: Si Marco ang nagbasa ng libro.
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= Marco is the one who read the book.
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I’m going to call clauses like nagbasa ng libro a basic-clause, since it’s derived from a basic-sentence like
Ex: Nagbasa ng libro si Marco.
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= Marco read the book.
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Single vs multi-clause sentences
Let’s break some sentences into their clauses.
Ex: <Nagluto si Maria ng adobo.>
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= <basic-sentence> one clause
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Ex: <Sino> <ang nagluto ng adobo?>
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= <interrogative> <basic-clause> two clauses
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Ex: <Hindi> <nagluto si Maria ng adobo.>
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= <hindi + phrase> one clause
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Ex: <Hindi ba> <nagluto si Maria ng adobo?>
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= <hindi ba> <basic-clause> two clauses
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Usually the enclitic cluster goes after the first word in the clause, but not always. For example, it never goes after ang. It’s better to remember what the enclitic magnates are for each clause type. In basic-sentences and clauses, the verb is the enclitic magnate.
Ex A: Nagluto na siya ng adobo.
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= She already cooked adobo.
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In interrogative clauses, the interrogative is the enclitic magnate
Ex B: Sino raw ang nagluto rin ng adobo?
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= Who do they say also cooked the adobo?
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In hindi + phrase sentences, hindi is the enclitic magnate
Ex C: Hindi pa po siya nagluto ng adobo.
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= She hasn’t cooked adobo yet sir.
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But when hindi ba comes before a phrase, it acts like a tag-sentence and therefore is a separate clause, making the sentence two-clause. So when combined with a basic-phrase for example, hindi and the verb are both enclitic magnates
Ex D: Hindi ba nagluto rin siya ng adobo?
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= Didn’t she also cook the adobo?
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I’m using both slots in B and D above just to show you that it’s possible. You can switch the enclitic locations, or put them all in one slot and leave the other empty, and you will still have valid sentences, but the nuance might change.
Ex B1: Sino raw ang nagluto rin ng adobo?
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= <Who do they say> <also cooked the adobo?>
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Ex B2: Sino rin daw ang nagluto ng adobo?
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= <Who do they also say> <cooked the adobo?>
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The difference in these types of sino and hindi sentences is usually negligible, so in this book we will always put all enclitics right after sino or hindi to be consistent.
Note Summary
as a reminder, basic-sentence word order is <verb, enclitics, actor, object, IO, location, time>
sino ang verb word order is <sino, enclitics, ang, basic-clause>, and basic-clauses follow the rules of basic-sentences
hindi verb word order is <hindi, enclitics, basic-sentence>
Sample Sentences
Q1
You read(habitually) your book at 7 o’clock. (po)
Nagbabasa po kayo ng libro ninyo nang alas siyete.
Q2
Who do they say is also cleaning the house for Jose?
Sino rin daw ang naglilinis ng bahay para kay Jose?
Q3
Won’t we dine at 6 o’clock?
Hindi ba kami maghahapunan nang alas sais?
Q4
Stephen’s wife didn’t cook adobo yet for them.
Hindi pa nagluto ang asawa ni Stephen ng adobo para sa kanila.
Q5
She’s speaking already too.
Nagsasalita na rin siya.
Q6
Who also played tennis? (po)
Sino rin po ang nag-tennis?
Q7
You still aren’t having lunch at Jerry’s Grill?
Hindi ka pa ba nagtatanghalian sa Jerry’s Grill?
Q8
Read.(po)
Magbasa po kayo.
Q9
Did you already clean your car for her?
Naglinis ka na ba ng kotse mo para sa kaniya?
Q10
Who also will study Tagalog tomorrow? (po)
Sino rin po ang mag-aaral ng Tagalog bukas?